Loader is a kind of earthwork construction machinery widely used in highway, railway, construction, hydropower, port, mine and other construction projects. It is mainly used to shovel soil, sand, lime, coal and other bulk materials. It can also be used for light shovel excavation of ore and hard soil.

装载机作业时工作装置应能保证：

When the loader is working, the working device shall ensure that:

当转斗油缸闭锁、动臂油缸举升或降落时，连杆机构使铲斗上下平动或接近平动，以免铲斗倾斜而撒落物料；当动臂处于任何位置、铲斗绕动臂铰点转动进行卸料时，铲斗倾斜角不小于45°，卸料后动臂下降时又能使铲斗自动放平。

When the rotary bucket oil cylinder is locked and the boom oil cylinder is lifted or lowered, the linkage mechanism makes the bucket move up and down or close to horizontal, so as to prevent the bucket from tilting and scattering materials; When the boom is at any position and the bucket rotates around the boom hinge point for unloading, the bucket tilt angle shall not be less than 45 °, and the bucket can be automatically leveled when the boom drops after unloading.

综合国内外装载机工作装置的结构型式，主要有七种类型，即按连杆机构的构件数不同，分为三杆式、四杆式、五杆式、六杆式和八杆式等；按输入和输出杆的转向是否相同又分为正转和反转连杆机构等。土方工程用装载机铲斗结构，其斗体常用低碳、耐磨、高强度钢板焊接制成，切削刃采用耐磨的中锰合金钢材料，侧切削刃和加强角板都用高强度耐磨钢材料制成。铲斗切削刀的形状分为四种。

According to the structural types of loader working devices at home and abroad, there are mainly seven types, that is, according to the number of components of linkage mechanism, they are divided into three-bar type, four-bar type, five bar type, six bar type and eight bar type; According to whether the steering direction of the input and output rods is the same, it is divided into forward and reverse linkage mechanisms. The bucket structure of loader for earthwork is usually welded with low-carbon, wear-resistant and high-strength steel plates. The cutting edge is made of wear-resistant medium manganese alloy steel, and the side cutting edge and reinforcing corner plate are made of high-strength wear-resistant steel. There are four types of bucket cutters.

齿形的选择应考虑插入阻力、耐磨性和易于更换等因素。齿形分尖齿和钝齿，轮胎式装载机多采用尖形齿，而履带式装开机多采用钝形齿。斗齿数目视斗宽而定，斗齿距一般为150-300mm。

Factors such as insertion resistance, wear resistance and easy replacement shall be considered in the selection of tooth profile. The tooth profile is divided into sharp teeth and blunt teeth. Most tire loaders use sharp teeth, while most crawler loaders use blunt teeth. The number of bucket teeth depends on the bucket width, and the bucket tooth pitch is generally 150-300mm.

斗齿结构分整体式和分体式两种，中小型装载机多采用整体式，而大型装载机由于作业条件差、斗齿磨损严重，常采用分体式。分体式斗齿分为基本齿2和齿尖1两部分，磨损后只需要更换齿尖。

Bucket tooth structure is divided into integral type and split type. Small and medium-sized loaders mostly use integral type, while large loaders often use split type due to poor operating conditions and serious bucket tooth wear. The split bucket tooth is divided into two parts: basic tooth 2 and tooth tip 1. Only the tooth tip needs to be replaced after wear.