Loader is a kind of earthwork construction machinery widely used in highway, railway, construction, hydropower, port, mine and other construction projects. It is mainly used to shovel soil, sand, lime, coal and other bulk materials, and can also do light shovel excavation for ore and hard soil. Changing different auxiliary working devices can also carry out bulldozing, lifting and loading and unloading of other materials such as wood. In the construction of roads, especially in high-grade highways, loaders are used for filling and excavation of subgrade works, aggregate and loading of asphalt mixture and cement concrete stockyard. In addition, it can also carry out operations such as pushing and transporting soil, scraping the ground and towing other machinery. Because the loader has the advantages of fast operation speed, high efficiency, good mobility and light operation, it has become one of the main types of earthwork construction in engineering construction.

分类

Classification

常用的单斗装载机，按发动机功率，传动形式，行走系结构，装载方式的不同进行分类。

Common single bucket loaders are classified according to engine power, transmission form, walking system structure and loading mode.

1、发动机功率：

1. Engine power:

①功率小于74kw为小型装载机。

① Small loader with power less than 74kw.

②功率在74～147kw为中型装载机

② It is a medium-sized loader with a power of 74 ~ 147kw

③功率在147～515kw为大型装载机

③ It is a large loader with a power of 147 ~ 515kw

④功率大于515kw为特大型装载机

④ Super large loader with power greater than 515kw

2、传动形式：

2. Transmission form:

①液力—机械传动，冲击振动小，传动件寿命长，操纵方便，车速与外载间可自动调节，一般在中大型装载机多采用；

① Hydraulic mechanical transmission, small impact vibration, long service life of transmission parts, convenient operation, automatic adjustment between speed and external load, which is generally used in medium and large loaders;

②液力传动：可无级调速、操纵间便，但启动性较差，一般仅在小型装载机上采用；

② Hydraulic transmission: stepless speed regulation and convenient operation, but the starting performance is poor, which is generally only used on small loaders;

③电力传动：无级调速、工作可靠、维修简单、费用较高，一般在大型装载机上采用。

③ Electric drive: stepless speed regulation, reliable operation, simple maintenance and high cost. It is generally used on large loaders.

3、行走结构：

3. Walking structure:

①轮胎式：质量轻、速度快、机动灵活、效率高、不易损坏路面、接地比压大、通过性差、但被广泛应用；

① Tire type: light weight, fast speed, flexible mobility, high efficiency, not easy to damage the road, large grounding specific pressure, poor trafficability, but it is widely used;

②履带式：接地比压小，通过性好、稳定性好、附着力强、牵引力大、比切入力大、速度低、灵活程度相对差、成本高、行走时易损坏路面。

② Crawler type: small specific pressure of grounding, good trafficability, good stability, strong adhesion, large traction, large specific cutting force, low speed, relatively poor flexibility, high cost and easy to damage the road surface when walking.

4、装卸方式：

4. Loading and unloading method:

①前卸式：结构简单、工作可靠、视野好，适合于各种作业场地，应用较广；

① Front unloading type: simple structure, reliable operation and good vision. It is suitable for all kinds of operation sites and is widely used;

②回转式：工作装置安装在可回转360O的转台上，侧面卸载不需要调头、作业效率高、但结构复杂、质量大、成本高、侧面稳性较差，适用于较侠小的场地。

② Rotary: the working device is installed on the rotary 360o turntable. The side unloading does not need to turn around, and the operation efficiency is high, but the structure is complex, the quality is large, the cost is high, and the side stability is poor. It is suitable for small sites.

③后卸式：前端装、后端卸、作业效率高。

③ Rear unloading type: front-end loading and rear-end unloading, with high operation efficiency.

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