General layout of tire loader ZL series is a self-designed tire single bucket loader in China. On the basis of ZL50, zl100, ZL40, ZL30 and ZL20 loader series products have been designed and developed, and dzl50 and dzl40 underground loader variants for underground pit and tunnel construction have been developed on the basis of this series. The tire type single bucket loader is composed of engine, transmission system, traveling part, braking system, working device and hydraulic system. Among them, the engine, torque converter, gearbox and front and rear drive axles are the main components of the loader, which are referred to as the four major parts for short

1、发动机

1. Engine

轮胎式单斗装载机发动机均采用柴油机。常用的柴油机有135系列柴油机，ZL50、ZL40型装载机多用6135K型柴油机。小型轮式装载机多采用95及105系列柴油机。

The engine of tire type single bucket loader adopts diesel engine. 135 series diesel engines are commonly used, and 6135k diesel engines are commonly used for ZL50 and ZL40 loaders. Most small wheel loaders use 95 and 105 series diesel engines.

发动机

engine

2、传动系统

2. Transmission system

装载机的传动有机械传动与液力机械传动两种方式。机械传动结构简单，但传动系统扭振和冲击载荷较大，影响使用寿命。液力机械传动，能吸收冲击载荷，提高使用寿命，自动适应外界阻力的变化，改善装载机的使用性能。因此，大中型轮胎式装载机多采用液力机械传动。传动系统采用双涡轮变矩器、动力换档行星变速箱，经过前后传动轴传到前后驱动桥，再经半轴和带轮边减速器驱动低压轮胎。

There are two transmission modes of loader: mechanical transmission and hydro mechanical transmission. The mechanical transmission structure is simple, but the torsional vibration and impact load of the transmission system are large, which affects the service life. Hydro mechanical transmission can absorb impact load, improve service life, automatically adapt to the changes of external resistance and improve the service performance of loader. Therefore, large and medium-sized tire loaders mostly adopt hydraulic mechanical transmission. The transmission system adopts dual turbine torque converter and power shift planetary gearbox, which is transmitted to the front and rear drive axles through the front and rear drive shafts, and then drives the low-pressure tires through the half shaft and the belt side reducer.

变矩器上有三个泵，工作泵（供应举升，翻斗压力油）转向泵（供应转向压力油）变速泵也称行走泵（供 应变矩器，变速箱压力油），有些机型转向泵上还装有先导泵（供应操纵阀先导压力油）。

There are three pumps on the torque converter, working pump (supply lifting and tipping pressure oil), steering pump (supply steering pressure oil) variable speed pump, also known as travel pump (supply torque converter and transmission pressure oil). Some models of steering pump are also equipped with pilot pump (supply control valve pilot pressure oil).

（1）双涡轮变矩器 液力变矩器按布置在泵轮和导轮之间的涡轮数，分为单级和多级变矩器。单级变矩器结构简单、效率高、工作可靠，但变矩系数K比多级变矩器小;多级变矩器虽然变矩系数较大，但结构复杂、效率低，故装载机多采用单级变矩器。

(1) Twin turbine torque converter hydraulic torque converter is divided into single-stage and multi-stage torque converter according to the number of turbines arranged between the pump wheel and guide wheel. The single-stage torque converter has the advantages of simple structure, high efficiency and reliable operation, but the torque coefficient K is smaller than that of the multi-stage torque converter; Although the multi-stage torque converter has large torque coefficient, it has complex structure and low efficiency, so the loader mostly adopts single-stage torque converter.

液力变矩器根据工作轮相互配合配合作用的数目，可分为单相、两相和三相变矩器，在推土机一节中所述的单级三元件变矩器为单相变矩器。下面介绍的是轮式装载机常用的双涡轮单级两相变矩器。这种结构形式的变矩器在小传动比范围内具有较大的变矩器在小传动比范围内具有较大的变矩系数和较高的效率。当装载机在轻载高速时，变矩器只用二级涡轮工作，而在重载低速时，一、二级涡轮同时工作。

The hydraulic torque converter can be divided into single-phase, two-phase and three-phase torque converters according to the number of working wheels. The single-stage three element torque converter described in the bulldozer section is a single-phase torque converter. The following describes the twin turbine single-stage two-phase torque converter commonly used in wheel loaders. The torque converter with this structure has larger torque coefficient and higher efficiency in the range of small transmission ratio. When the loader is at light load and high speed, the torque converter only works with two-stage turbine, while at heavy load and low speed, the first and second stage turbines work at the same time.

这样，变矩器本身在速度转换时，相当于有两档速度，并随外负荷自动变化，因此，可以减少变速箱的档数，简化变速箱结构。与其配套的动力换档行星变速箱又有两个前进档，一个倒档。

In this way, the torque converter itself has two speeds during speed conversion, and changes automatically with the external load. Therefore, the number of gears of the transmission can be reduced and the structure of the transmission can be simplified. The matched power shift planetary transmission has two forward gears and one reverse gear.

（2）动力换档行星变速箱

(2) Power shift planetary transmission

变速箱有一体的（行星式）和分体的（定轴式）两种。

There are two types of transmission: integrated (planetary type) and split (fixed shaft type).

行走油路：变速箱油底壳油，行走泵，一路进变矩器一路进档位阀，变速箱离合器。

Traveling oil circuit: transmission oil pan oil, traveling pump, one way to the torque converter, one way to the gear valve, and transmission clutch.

变速箱

transmission case

（3）驱动桥 轮胎式装载机，为了充分利用其附着重量，以提供较大的牵引力，都采用全桥驱动。前后驱动桥之间一般都不装桥间差速器，多在变速箱后装设脱桥机构，作业时采用全桥驱动，高速行驶时利用操纵杆将一个驱动桥脱开，采用单桥驱动。

(3) In order to make full use of its attached weight and provide greater traction, all drive axle tire loaders adopt full axle drive. The inter axle differential is generally not installed between the front and rear drive axles, and the off axle mechanism is mostly installed behind the gearbox. During operation, the full axle drive is adopted. When driving at high speed, one drive axle is disengaged by using the control lever, and the single axle drive is adopted.

驱动：传动轴，主差速器，轮边减速器

Drive: transmission shaft, main differential, wheel reducer

由于装载机作业速度低，所以驱动桥的减速比都比汽车、拖拉机大的多。为此，在轮胎式装载机上都采用单级或双级行星轮边减速机构，用较小的结构尺寸得到较大的减速比。行星轮边减速机构装置在驱动桥轮毂内，便于拆装保养。为了保证在铲装作业时的稳定性，装载机因车速低一般不装设弹性悬架，多采用将驱动桥和车架由纵向销轴铰接，使它能绕纵向销轴相对车架上下摆动一定角度，摆角由限位块限制。摆动桥一般布置在轮胎式装载机的后驱动桥上。

Due to the low operating speed of loader, the deceleration ratio of drive axle is much larger than that of automobile and tractor. Therefore, single-stage or double-stage planetary gear side reduction mechanism is adopted on tire loaders, and a larger reduction ratio is obtained with a smaller structural size. The planetary gear side reduction mechanism is installed in the drive axle hub, which is convenient for disassembly and maintenance. In order to ensure the stability during shovel loading operation, the loader is generally not equipped with elastic suspension due to low speed. The drive axle and the frame are hinged by the longitudinal pin shaft, so that it can swing up and down a certain angle around the longitudinal pin shaft relative to the frame, and the swing angle is limited by the limit block. The oscillating axle is generally arranged on the rear drive axle of the tire loader.

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